Population dynamics, as a fundamental component influencing national power, has consistently garnered the attention of policymakers and sociologists. In Iran, the demographic shifts of recent decades, particularly the declining fertility rate and increasing life expectancy, have led to an altered age structure and concerns regarding the future of the labor force, the economy, and national security. This research was conducted with the aim of sociologically analyzing the factors affecting population dynamics (fertility rate and migration) from the perspective of national power in Iran. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study explored the factors influencing population dynamics. The quantitative component utilized secondary statistical data pertaining to fertility rates, life expectancy, age structure, and migration. The qualitative component involved interviews with experts and specialists in the field of population, and the content of these interviews was analyzed to identify the non-material factors influencing population dynamics. The research findings indicate that women's education and employment, religious beliefs, changes in gender roles and the place and role of the family in society, the penetration coefficient of the Internet and social networks, and the country's economic and social transformations are the most important factors affecting the country's population dynamics. Addressing these challenges of population dynamics and their impact on national power, particularly in the military sphere, requires comprehensive and coordinated strategies across various cultural, economic, social, defense, and political dimensions. In this regard, five overarching and operational strategies were presented to enhance population dynamics and address the aforementioned challenges, with an emphasis on the military domain